What is Group Discussion?
Nowadays Group Discussion is being extensively used along with personal interviews for the final selection of candidates. It plays a main role in selecting the best among the best. Having scored high marks, students who get selected for a higher/another course or employment are placed on a par - on equal footing - based on their age, qualification and experience. It becomes necessary to conduct further screening for choosing a few among many. It is here, the Group Discussion plays an important part. It helps in choosing the socially suitable candidate among the academically superior achievers. It is one of the best tools to study the behavioral and attitudinal responses of the participants.
Rightly speaking, Group Discussion is more a technique than a conventional test. In fact it is one of the most important and popular techniques being used in a number of personality tests. It is a technique or a method used for screening candidates as well as testing their potential. It is also designed as a situation test wherein a sample of a candidate's group worthiness and potential as a worker comes out quite explicitly
Features Of Group Discussion
1.Group Discussion, as the name itself indicates, is a group activity carried out by participating individuals. It is an exchange of ideas among the individuals of a group on a specific topic.
2 It is used as reliable, testing device - mainly as a tool to assess all the candidates in a group at one go -in order to select the best in comparative perspective.
3.Group Discussion is an informal discussion in which participants of the same educational standard discuss a topic of current interest.
4.It is also known as leaderless discussion. It means its aim is to find out the natural leadership level of the candidates. Strictly speaking, no one from the group or outside will be officially designated as leader or president or chairman or anything of the sort. Even the examiner or supervisor who launches the discussion will retire to the background. No one will participate or intervene in the deliberations of the group.
NATURE AND SCOPE
Why you are now being tested after successfully passing out the written examination and perhaps the interview too?.
You have successfully completed the written examination which tests the knowledge of different subjects as well other capabilities like writing skill, numerical and cognitive ability, test of reasoning , general knowledge etc., Exactly like you, other participants who have come to the final round of selection after thorough screening are of the same qualification. Their age-group, educational qualifications, academic achievements and background experiences are generally quite similar and all of you are of the same level.
It is necessary that you should understand the nature of the G D technique as well as its rationale and purpose. It is very important to know what personality traits the examiners would focus on. If you want to attain success in this challenge test, you should analyze its ingredients and grasp its techniques.
As all the participants in a Group Discussion are rivals, there is bound to be competition and clash of interests among them. Everyone in the group would be keen to top in the discussion, resulting in a good deal of rivalry and maneuvering for situations of advantage. Thus in the group discussion- in this free for all- you have to manage others and get the cooperation of the group by continuously relating to situations as they keep developing and changing. The dynamics of the group will stimulate each candidate to reveal his/her inherent natural leadership qualities in a spontaneous manner. But only those who remain alert by adapting himself / herself to the changing situations as they emerge, and only those who utilize the opportunities with enterprise, imagination and tact come out successfully.
Under these circumstances, the conduct and behavior of each candidate will bring to the surface his or her natural leadership, social, dynamic and organizing abilities in a spontaneous manner. Group Discussion is essentially a verbal-oriented performance and you have to talk your way out. With one's gift of the gab or power of expression. GD also requires the verbal display of the knowledge of the candidate. The more your ideas and the more your knowledge of the subject, the more interested, enthusiastic and confident you would become and the more fluent and forceful would be your speech and contribution to the discussion.
WHAT IS TESTED IN-GROUP DISCUSSION?
The rationale of the GD technique rests on the principle that leadership qualities with knowledge and power of expression are essential to achieve the results or objectives in all group endeavors. The leadership quality of one can nowhere be more clearly revealed than in a group discussion. For instance, see the difference between GD and other forms of testing.
There is a considerable difference between public speaking and GD. In public speaking, the audience merely judges and passes a verdict on the speaker. Nobody in the audience competes with you. They listen to what the speaker says but do not compete with the speaker. They listen to what the speaker says, but do not discuss the subject with equal rights as does the speaker.
The same is the case with an interview. In an interview, a candidate has to deal with the interviewer who asks questions to which the interviewed responds. He will be given ample opportunities as the interviewer is interested in the answers. In a debate or lecture, the candidate is given sometime to think and marshal his ideas and the chairman or the presiding officer will ensure that no one intervenes. The interview focuses on personality traits wherein the interviewers ask well directed questions to assess the overall personality of a candidate.
Yet these tests by themselves are insufficient, as they do not test the group worthiness of a candidate, a quality that is an important component for success in all vocations.
Features of group discussion
All participants in the group must accept responsibility for the smooth conduct of the group activities. This orientation means that each member takes on leadership responsibilities even though he is not entrusted any such a role. Instead of passively waiting for someone else to do what has to be done, everyone must actively seek and accept responsibility. In an effective group discussion, there are no absolute followers but different levels and kinds of leaderships and these leaderships keep fluctuating.
2. Another important attitude is open-mindedness -the willingness of the candidate to consider a broad range of ideas and suggestions from others. He must be flexible and must be open to change. Instead of taking rigid stands on issues, the flexible member tries to adapt to the best interests of the group. This requires objectivity- in order to make unbiased, impartial judgments. This does not mean that you completely suppress your subjective and emotional reactions. You try to balance them with objective observations. This requires maintaining a proper perspective, that is, either becoming too involved in problems to maintain objectivity nor remaining too distant and uninvolved to be fully unaware of their nature. Finally the participant with the orientation of equality should not nourish notions of superiority and must realize that the fellow participants are equal to him/her in all aspects. You also get an opportunity of noticing and comparing the verbal ability, depth of knowledge, extent of ideas, logical reasoning and the convincing capacity of others and this should enable you to prepare yourself to match with them.
HOW IS THE PERFORMANCE JUDGED?
Selection is done based on the impact created by each candidate on the group. Who does get selected?One who expresses his ideas well.
One who has sound arguments, and shows keenness and interest.
One who has sufficient knowledge of his subject and convinces the group by his argumentative presentation.
One who has a logical and systematic approach.
Above all, it is the one who has the tendency to cooperate and who does the coordination and is liked by the group.HOW TO START PARTICIPATING?
Group discussion tasks involve many roles for the participants to take up. Choosing any role, each participant can perform multiple functions. Any discussion starts with an initiative made by one. Someone should propose the subject with his/her ideas or procedures. This gets the group started. Since getting started on any task is usually difficult, this is an important role. Inevitably he/ she who does this takes up the presiding or leading role. Further he needs to produce new ideas and perspectives for the continued life of a group.Okay. You missed the opportunity. Someone, a more tactful candidate has taken up the lead role. What is left for you?
There are still ways.
You can furnish more information by usurping his place. You can politely interfere giving evidence, opinions and relate experiences, personal or others, relevant to the discussion. In fact the quality of the discussion is dependent on the information generated out of the discussion. The more information you provide on the subject, the more prominent your place will become in the group.
Okay. You missed this opportunity too. A vociferous participant has stolen the show. All have nothing to do except to listen. The best way is to play the role of an information seeker thereby making your participation important. By way of asking information from others and seeking clarification one can make his participation felt.
There are various ways to make your presence important. Instead of just presenting information one can strongly present his own point of view. Usually people will not reveal their opinions out of fear of criticism. But an effective presenter expresses the opinions freely and is prepared to invite argument to his side. By stating one's own beliefs, attitudes and judgments, one can take up a main position in the discussion. But you must ensure that your opinion is on the winning side and there is nothing negative in your opinion because a negative opinion is disliked by others.
Another role left for you is this:If youl cannot make up your position , prevail upon the opinions of others. The effective participant actively seeks other's attitudes and convictions, especially of those members who are hesitant to speak. Unlike others who are content with presenting their own views and neglecting other opinions you will win the favour of other participants by seeking their opinions.
There is always room for participation if you elaborate the ideas of others and clarify as well as expand the opinions of others through relevant examples and explanations. This is the best way to attract the attention of the rest.
Slow and steady, you can win the race. If you have not yet got an opportunity, take up the role of integrator who classifies the relationships between various facts, opinions and suggestions and integrates the ideas of others thereby assuming the main role of presenter. After a considerable time has been spent on discussion, the need for integrating and summarizing all that transpired so far becomes essential. You can do that by way of orientation, that is, by keeping the group directed toward its goal, by summarizing what has taken place and clarifying the purpose or position of the group. Essentially you insure that the group has a direction and also that it heads in the "right" direction and assumes the role of a leader.
There are some more ways in which the participants can take up group maintenance. You should make your presence important by initiating the group's interpersonal relationships. An encouraging speaker is always liked by fellow participants. He praises and agrees with others providing a warm support to others. But one ought to be careful because he who is a contestant should maintain his position keeping his attention on excelling others. Similarly your sense will be appreciated if it does relieve tension. It will be very much appreciated as you create a relaxed atmosphere by reducing formality and interjecting humor. When tension increases, people become emotionally involved which will not be conducive for smooth discussion. At times the role of pacifying others and providing relief will achieve leadership position. Equally important is the role of one who controls the channel of communication providing proper balance in the amount of participation of each member. You can also gain the leading position by encouraging those who might otherwise not speak while tackling those who tend to dominate over others or monopolize the discussion
What Are To Be Avoided?
There are certain attitudes which act negatively and they spoil the chances of selection. Constantly objecting others and speaking pessimistically will block the smooth flow of discussion. A totally negative attitude prevents progress and people who are always complaining and always dissatisfied will not be found suitable. Equally unsuitable are those who insult and criticize others betraying jealousy or animosity. The aggressive attitude is usually disapproved. Another avoidable attitude is telling irrelevant stories and personal experiences. Motivated by a need for attention, some participants interject comments that call attention to their achievements and successes. They are boastful while trying to appear not to be so.
What is the secret of scoring sure success in a group discussion?
The examiners usually look for a very positive personality with varied potential. During the progress of any group discussion, there will be conflicting views and as a result, heated arguments. The winner has to reveal his positive personality traits and leadership abilities to gain approval for his ideas.Since the test is conducted without a leader, there are opportunities for the individuals who reveal leadership qualities to become group leaders. Seizing the opportunity, the aspirant should impress and influence the group.
The ability to speak is the foremost of all. If one does not speak eloquently and fluently, one cannot create any impact and make his presence strongly felt. One must arouse other's interest by the power of expression. While talking there must be sense. Conveying all information in well-balanced sentences in a manner that reflects a good grasp of the subject will indicate sharp and analytical mind. The delivery should be smooth and catching. Important of all is the tone. It should reflect the humility of a very knowledgeable person. There will be interruptions and they should be borne with patience and a winning smile .It is the ability to hold the attention of group members which matters.
How Can A Topic Be Analyzed?
While speaking on given topic it is necessary to analyze the topic considering its salient aspects and finding out a well reasoned solution. One must think of sound arguments in support of one's point of view and a logical presentation of them. It is necessary to consider the pros and cons of the given problem. Use of available information including those of others is important. Synthesizing different points of view and answering them in such a way as supportive of one's case is talent which must be cultivated. Considering an issue or a problem in a broader angle putting the immediate concerns in broader issues, thereby displaying the extent of knowledge is a successful technique. But one ought to be careful without becoming irrelevant or boastful.Avoiding any repetition of ideas or arguments is important. Keeping within the scope of the given subject one must contribute towards rising the intellectual level of the discussion others, which eventually brings success. Rapport building starts from the very first step. But there must be conflicting opinions which alone will help to look at a problem from various angles and come up with alternatives. As s REASONS FOR SELECTION : A FEW COMMENTS
No1 (Comments at two stages of one's participation)
Beginning: No1 has displayed excellent leadership ability and handled an explosive situation with tact and understanding. He has found an acceptable and workable solution by displaying excellent resourcefulness. He avoided an open split and confrontation by voluntarily surrendering the privilege of being got elected as chairman by majority vote. Thus he has given greater importance to group needs than for his own selfish requirements. He also won 7 by persuasion and by personal example.
Ending: A brilliant and outstanding exposition presented by No1 in admirable and extremely convincing manner. His approach is objective and balanced. This candidate, who had displayed consistently remarkable leadership qualities and coordinating ability earlier, now reveals intellectual maturity, balanced judgement and excellent power of persuasion. Socially he is well adjusted and has the resourcefulness to cope with difficult individuals and situations. To sum up, he is an outstanding candidate with high level of leadership qualities. He is specially commended and selected with top rating.
No3 is an intelligent, imaginative and dynamic leader. His approach has throughout been positive and constructive He is also able to get along well and harmoniously with all. He can judge and assess others correctly and wins over everyone with tact and understanding. His enterprising attitude, keenness to shoulder responsibility and capacity to compromise successfully with crisis and obstacles enable him to establish himself as the natural leader. In this group he is the outstanding coordinator and leader. He is selected with top grading No3 has grasped the subject very well and explained its scope very lucidly.He hs gone about his task with a purpose, plan and system, revealing organization and method. He spoke to the point and made a strong impact on the group. He is decisive, enterprising and takes reasonable risks. We saw that he took a prominent part during the early stages and made useful contribution. He has good material and selected with high grading.
No 4 has readily and cheerfully accepted the responsibility and made good use of the opportunity given to him. He has consistently been displaying initiative, drive, enterprise and imagination. Now he has known excellent grasp of the subject and explained facts of a sensitive nature in an easy and effortless manner. He has created a very strong and favorable impact on the group with his conduct, ideas and example. As was shown by No3,the group is eager to hear him further. But as a disciplined organiser and planner,No4 wants the discussion to proceed as decided earlier. He is more team oriented and keen to promote group activity. His approach is positive and contribution constructive. He has displayed high degree of leadership throughout. Selected with high rank rating.
No 7 displayed initiative, urge and drive and shouldered full responsibility to launch the group on its objective. He is gifted in all spheres-intellectual, organisational, dynamic and social. He has extensive knowledge. He has pressed his case from a new angle and succeeded fully in carrying the audience with him. He is bold and faces the challenge with courage and determination, intelligence and imagination. Selected and accorded top rating.
The keenness and eagerness of No3,his readiness to shoulder responsibility, his confidence to face the group and his initiative are no doubt his plus points. But his approach is selfish, authoritarian and annoying to others. He is too assertive and very dominating. His brazen attempt to buldoze others will provoke them and result in quarrels and clashes. These, in turn, will hinder group activity and realisation of the common goal objective, which is successful completion of the discussion within the time allotted. A leader or manager must carry his teammates with them and not antagonize them. No3, unfortunately, appears to be lacking in this very important aspect. REJECTED
No2 does not know much about the subject He has the gift of the gab and hence waffles aimlessly. There is no logic or rationale in what he said he lacks organisation, system and order. He talks at random, jumping from one topic to another in fits and starts. Earlier we saw him acting rigidly and selfishly .He will cause friction and quarrels in the team, behaving like a bull in china shop. REJECTED
No5 had remained aloof and silent throughout. He is dull and devoid of ideas.He admits his limitations but does not show any interest or determination to overcome them. He wastes opportunities and shies away from responsibility. Being weak and docile and unenterprising, he will not be able to come up as a leader. REJECTED
No8 This candidate is a mere camp follower without any initiative, urge, drive or originality. He finds excuses to avoid and shirk responsibility. He has throughout been disinterested, distant and aloof and has not made any contribution to group activity. An extremely dull and insipid individual who will prove to be a great burden to the organization.REJECTED
No.1 wastes the opportunity offered to him on a platter. On his own also he did not display and initiative and drive. He pleads ignorance and confirms that he lacks ideas. This is a general knowledge topic and anyone familiar with current events should be able to make some interesting contribution to the discussion. He offers excuses and prefers to be the last speaker. If he does not know, he can at least ask a knowledgeable colleague in the group to explain the nature and scope of the topic first. On the other hand, he straightway shirks responsibility. He is a dull and insipid candidate who lacks self-confidence and leadership potential. REJECTED
Sulks and refuses to cooperate. He also wastes the good opportunity offered to him. He is rigid and fails to adapt himself to the situation. He has good expressive faculty but his ideas are confused and overlapping. He waffles unnecessarily instead of going directly to the point. His ego and pride prevent him from extending cooperation and establishing rapport. Because of his personal quarrel with No.6, he refuses to the half of the group. With this marked negative qualities. No.2 will be a serious hindrance to the team. REJECTED.
This candidate has understood the subject and has the self-confidence to the challenge No.5 and produce quite a few original and convincing arguments to support his stand. But he still continues his collision path. He prefers to attack those who disagree with him in a brutal and direct manner. He quarreled with No.2violently earlier. Now he repeats the same behaviour pattern. It is doubtful whether he could improve by training REJECTED
This candidate lacks initiative and originality. His ideas are limited he has nothing useful to contribute. He is afraid to take any firm decision and commit himself. He has wasted the opportunity afforded to him. With such marked negative qualities he cannot make the grade as a strong leader. REJECTED
A fairly active and well- motivated group in which Nos.7 and 5 display natural leadership qualities and prove successful in launching the group on its task. They overcome the obstacles which they encounter with imagination, speed and tact. This GD being a team work, it cannot be executed without someone assuming the responsibilities of a leader and coordinator. Nos1,2 and 3, though spoke among themselves, did not come toward to shoulder this responsibility on there own initiative. On the other hand No.7 displayed natural leadership abilities and assumed the responsibility to launch the group on its task, on his own No.5 who gave excellent support to No.7, also displays good leadership qualities. We find No2 to be hesitant, diffident and overcautious. No.1 appears to be lacking in ideas and he is unable to half No.2 actively. Without admitting his limitations No.1 tries to evade the issues or pass the buck on the others. No3has acted in light vein which indicates certain amount of irresponsibility Nevertheless he offers to be the opening speaker. Hence, he has to be watched further, Nos.4, 6and 8 have so far remained as silent spectators.
In this group Nos.3 and 7 initially wanted to assume leadership and made their debuts. But they bitterly quarreled between themselves as to who should be the leader. Unfortunately, both lacked tact and social cohesiveness. They were also rigid and selfish. Team spirit and cooperation on the part of both were sadly lacking and they were obstructing the progress of group activity. On the other hand, No.1 emerged as the natural and highly gifted leader. He was able to motivate his team mates and move the group towards its goal with remarkable success. He could handle Nos .3and 7 with competence and else displaying appropriate techniques. Nos.5 and 4 came forward to lend good support to No.1 and also showed adequate leadership traits themselves No.6,8 and 2 were ineffective camp followers and did not make any contribution to promote group activity. Thus, the only successful candidates of this group are Nos.1,5 and 4 in that order.
Dos and don’ts of Group Discussion and analysing them in a logical manner even for disagreeing.Keep eye contact while speaking:
Do not look at the evaluators only. Keep eye contact with every team member while speaking.
2) Initiate the GD:
Initiating the GD is a big plus. But keep in mind – Initiate the group discussion only when you understood the GD topic clearly and have some topic knowledge. Speaking without proper subject knowledge is bad impression.
Initiating the GD is a big plus. But keep in mind – Initiate the group discussion only when you understood the GD topic clearly and have some topic knowledge. Speaking without proper subject knowledge is bad impression.
3) Allow others to speak:
Do not interrupt anyone in-between while speaking. Even if you don’t agree with his/her thoughts do not snatch their chance to speak. Instead make some notes and clear the points when it’s your turn.
Do not interrupt anyone in-between while speaking. Even if you don’t agree with his/her thoughts do not snatch their chance to speak. Instead make some notes and clear the points when it’s your turn.
4) Speak clearly:
Speak politely and clearly. Use simple and understandable words while speaking. Don’t be too aggressive if you are disagreeing with someone. Express your feelings calmly and politely.
Speak politely and clearly. Use simple and understandable words while speaking. Don’t be too aggressive if you are disagreeing with someone. Express your feelings calmly and politely.
5) Make sure to bring the discussion on track:
If by any means group is distracting from the topic or goal then simply take initiative to bring the discussion on the track. Make all group members aware that you all need to come to some conclusion at the end of the discussion. So stick to the topic.
If by any means group is distracting from the topic or goal then simply take initiative to bring the discussion on the track. Make all group members aware that you all need to come to some conclusion at the end of the discussion. So stick to the topic.
6) Positive attitude:
Be confident. Do not try to dominate anyone. Keep positive body language. Show interest in discussion.
Be confident. Do not try to dominate anyone. Keep positive body language. Show interest in discussion.
7) Speak sensibly:
Do not speak just to increase your speaking time. Don’t worry even if you speak less. Your thoughts should be sensible and relevant instead of irrelevant speech.
Do not speak just to increase your speaking time. Don’t worry even if you speak less. Your thoughts should be sensible and relevant instead of irrelevant speech.
8 ) Listen carefully to others:
Speak less and listen more! Pay attention while others are speaking. This will make coherent discussion and you will get involved in the group positively. You will surely make people agree with you.
Speak less and listen more! Pay attention while others are speaking. This will make coherent discussion and you will get involved in the group positively. You will surely make people agree with you.
9) No need to go into much details:
Some basic subject analysis is sufficient. No need to mention exact figures while giving any reference. You have limited time so be precise and convey your thoughts in short and simple language.
Some basic subject analysis is sufficient. No need to mention exact figures while giving any reference. You have limited time so be precise and convey your thoughts in short and simple language.
10) Formal dressing:
Do not take it casually. No fancy and funny dressing. You should be comfortable while speaking in group. Positive gesture and body language will make your work easy.
Do not take it casually. No fancy and funny dressing. You should be comfortable while speaking in group. Positive gesture and body language will make your work easy.
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Is china a threat to India ?
Advantages of Co-education.
How does one deal with international terrorism ?
Should we pursue our policy of dialogue with Pakistan?
Are peace and non-violence outdated concepts?
A Unipolar World spells disaster for underdeveloped countries like India.
Is Globalization necessary?
What shall we do about our ever-increasing population?
Corruption is the price we pay for democracy.
Foreign television channels are destroying our culture.
What India needs isdictatorship.
With media publishing and telecasting trivia, censorship is the need of the hour.
Kaun Banega Krorepati is less about knowledge but more about money and personality.
Beauty contests degrade womanhood
The rise of regional blocs threatens independent nations like India
Is dependence on computers a good thing?
Should the public sector be privatized?
Is India a soft Nation?
Value based politics is the need of the hour
Religion should not be mixed with politics
How to deal with high oil prices
Our cricketers are not to blame for match fixing
Why cant we be world players in industry as we are in software?
Multinational corporations: Are they devils in disguise?
Should there be limits on artistic freedom (the controversy on Fire).
Should there be private universities?
Does banning fashion shows and New Year parties save our culture?
Public sector is more a hindrance than help to promote socialism.
Economic betterment of the poorer nations is as important as disarmament to ensure lasting world peace.
From public sector to privatization as in the U.K., is the right answer for India's instant economic breakthrough.
The doctrine of "limited nuclear war" is an ill-convinced, ill- logical, irrational and extremely dangerous concept.
Some simple but effective electoral reforms will enable us to retain the present parliamentary system and ensure the preservation f
democracy in India.
Nuclear war cannot be won and should not be fought.
Private enterprise and not public sector will contribute to faster and higher economic growth in India
Inflation is inevitable in our developing country.
The policy of reservation is a legacy of the British and it has done more harm than good. For a marketing post graduate, without prior work experience working in a big marketing firm is a disadvantage when compared with
working in a small firm. Discuss.
Should agricultural subsidies be stopped?
Do we lag behind China? Che tanaS
Who says MNCs are superior to Indian companies?
Food comes first, ethics later!
To survive in the civilized world one needs to be a hypocrite.
Money is the sixth sense without which one can't enjoy the other five.
English language as a mode of instruction in primary level.
Men and Women are different.
Given the present state of affairs, India will remain a developing country forever.
IIM's and IIT's encourage only brain drain.
Whether reservation to women is beneficial?
There is no alternative to Pokhran nuclear test in present scenario.
Modern cinema is a boon to Indian society.
Should youth indulge in politics?
US war on Iraq-justified or not.
Role of UN in peacekeeping.
Position of Women in India compared to other nations.
Environment Management .
Is China better than India in software?
BPOs in INDIA
Govt contribution to IT
Will punch lines rule the Advertisements?
India or West, which is the land of opportunities?
Water resources should be nationalized
"BALANCE BETWEEN PROFESSIONALISM AND FAMILY"
Is it necessary to ban COCOCOLA in India?
Cricket should be banned
Love marriage/Arranged marriage.
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WHAT IS DEBATE?
A debate is a contest, or, perhaps, like a game, where two or more speakers present their arguments intent on persuading one another. Men have been debating with one another since the beginning of time when the serpent first debated with Eve the benefits of eating certain fruits in the Garden. We shall limit ourselves here with discussing formal contest debating between educational institutions, or, in the world of homeschooling, between families that choose to bypass educational institutions and educate their children at home.
Why debate?
"He [the student debater] learns to use a library, and to find the exact information he needs in the shortest possible time. He learns to be thorough and accurate. He learns to analyze; to distinguish between the vital and the unimportant. He learns the need of proving his statements; of supporting every statement with valid evidence and sound reasoning—and he learns to demand the same sort of proof for the statements of others. He learns to present ideas in a clear and effective manner, and in a way which wins others to his way of thinking. He learns to think under pressure, to "use his head" in a time of need, to make decisions quickly and accurately. In a word, the essential point in any debating situation is that of convincing the listener that your side of the proposition is desirable." (from How to Debate by Harrison Boyd Summers)
John Stuart Mill, in his Autobiography, said, "I have always dated from these conversations [in a discussion group similar to the ideal debate squad meeting] my own inauguration as an original and independent thinker."
"I think debating in high school and college is most valuable training whether for politics, the law, business, or for service on community committees such as the PTA and the League of Women Voters. A good debater must not only study material in support of his own case, but he must also, of course, thoroughly analyze the expected argument of his opponent. The give and take of debating, the testing of ideas, is essential to democracy. I wish we had a good deal more debating in our educational institutions than we do now." John F. Kennedy, August 22, 1960
"I truly believe I would have been as prepared for law school had I simply debated and not attended college at all. I have found that the practice of law—and I assume this is true of a large number of other jobs—consists basically of trying to solve problems in an organized manner.... Debate... placed a premium on the factors that I believe are essential to effective problem solving, including...breaking an argument down into its smallest components and then marshaling factual data...for each element;...talking a problem through with others over a period of time that a contention or issue becomes fully perceivable;...verbally articulating ideas rather than just having a mental conception of them;...and, finally, and perhaps most importantly, coming to appreciate the stresses and rewards of competition." Raoul D. Kennedy, Attorney in San Francisco
"Debate trained me to analyze and articulate the complex national issues that confront our country today. Too, it was a tremendous help in campaign debates for my House and Senate seats... My intercollegiate debate training was the most valuable experience that I had at Penn State. I derived benefits from it far beyond the normal extracurricular activity that it encompassed." Richard S. Schweiker, Former Pennsylvania Congressman and Senator, Former Secretary of Health and Human Services
"If it is a disgrace to a man when he cannot defend himself in a bodily way, it would be absurd not to think him disgraced when he cannot defend himself with reason in a speech." Aristotle from The Rhetoric
"The wisest advice I can give to persons considering debate as an activity is: "participate." In my opinion, hour- for-hour, the reward for time spent debating is greater than any other activity available to the typical student... In addition to the "academic" benefits, potential participants should be alerted to the life-long friendships they will develop, the opportunity to associate with competitive, creative and bright young people, as well as the favorable view of the activity taken by potential employers (particularly in the field of law)." Thomas F. Hozduk, Los Angeles Attorney
"I didn't make varsity cheerleader. I thought my life was over. I ended up joining the speech team instead. And within a year, I became real good. My event was Girls Extemporaneous Speaking. They would give you a topic, and a half-hour later you made a seven-minute speech on it...By my senior year, I was state champion. And I made it to the semifinals of the national competition. The six girls who were ranked ahead of me are probably all arguing cases before the Supreme Court...So I did find out my limitations. But in my smaller pond, I was a big fish. And I can't imagine better preparation for what I do today." (BTW, one of Jane Pauley's teammates is now a homeschooling mother) Jane Pauley, National TV News Anchor
"It was my experience with debating and public speaking in both high school and college that led me to become a lawyer, and ultimately, a member of Congress." Paul E. Kanjorski, Pennsylvania Congressional Representative
Debate is the ultimate mind exercise.
Four types of debate:
- Parliamentary Debate. This is the debating that goes on in colleges and universities. For more information on this type of debate see the web pages we link to on our Trivium Pursuit Links.
- Lincoln-Douglas Debate (also called value debate) is modeled after the namesake for the activity. In an Illinois election of the mid-1800s, Abe Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas debated the slavery issue before audiences in different towns around the state. In LD debate two contestants will debate topics centered around moral issues or propositions of value or preference. Here are some examples of topics appropriate for LD debate: capital punishment; abortion; or euthanasia. Typically, all public and private schools will debate the same topic. A new topic is chosen every two months (the topics are chosen by some public school debate organization). The public/private school topic for November and December of 1996 was: Resolved, when in conflict, a business' responsibility to itself ought to be valued above its responsibility to society. The topic for January and February of 1997 is: Resolved, In United State's policy, the principle of universal human rights ought to take precedence over conflicting national interest. See also our links to LD Debate.
- Cross Examination Debate (also called policy debate or team debate). In this type of debate two teams (two students each ), one representing the affirmative position and one representing the negative position, will debate topics of public or government policy. Here are some examples: Resolved, that chain stores are detrimental to the best interests of the American public (1931); Resolved, that all electric utilities should be governmentally owned and operated (1937); Resolved, that the federal government should own and operate the railroads (1940); and, Resolved, that a federal world government should be established (1943). Typically, all public and private schools will debate the same topic all year long (some public school debate organization picks a new topic each year). The public/private school topic for the 1996-1997 school year is: Resolved, that the federal government should establish a program to substantially reduce juvenile crime in the United States. See also our links to Cross Examination Debate.
- Academic Debate. These are debates of a purely academic nature. An example of this type of debate would be creation/evolution debates.
TOPICS FOR DEBATE
1. Television is the leading cause of violence in today's society.
2. High school students should wear uniforms.
3. Rock and Roll is the best kind of music.
4. Western culture is inferior to Indian culture
5. Football is a better game than cricket for Indian youth.
6. The world is getting more (ethical) every year.
7.Being unwanted is the most terrible of diseases.
8.The treatment of women is steadily improving.
9.Women have no rights to have an abortion.
10.The new economic policy is helping the poor.
11.Women make better teachers than men.
12.The test of democracy is its protection of minority rights.
13. Cloning is immortal and dangerous.
14.Money is more important than love.
15. Capital punishment is unjust and degrading
16. Youth’s fascination with music, dance, computers and computer games is lowering the level of Indian sports performance.
_____________________________________________________________________
Answer: The primary differences between a resume and a curriculum vitae (CV) are the length, what is included and what each is used for. A resume is a one or two page summary of your skills, experience and education. While a resume is brief and concise - no more than a page or two, a Curriculum Vitae is a longer (at least two page) and more detailed synopsis.
A Curriculum Vitae includes a summary of your educational and academic backgrounds as well as teaching and research experience, publications, presentations, awards, honors, affiliations and other details. In Europe, the Middle East, Africa, or Asia, employers may expect to receive a curriculum vitae.
In the United States, a curriculum vitae is used primarily when applying for academic, education, scientific or research positions. It is also applicable when applying for fellowships or grants.
A CV is longer than a resume and includes a complete listing of a person's professional history. A CV should include, every position that a person has ever held, a comprehensive list of academic credentials, as well as information on publications and other significant achievements. In some cases, CVs are many pages long. In general, CVs are required when applying for positions in the medical and academic field. Resumes, on the other hand, are preferred when applying for business positions.
The terms "resume" and "CV" are used in different ways all over the world. In the United States and in the English-speaking areas of Canada, the word "resume" is used predominantly. Furthermore, these regions have begun to accept longer "resumes" that reflect CVs.
Therefore, in these regions, the term "CV" is not particularly necessary. The term "CV" is used more often in Ireland, England, Scotland, New Zealand, and French Canada. In India and Australia, however, the terms are generally interchangeable.
When applying for a job, it is most important to put your best foot forward. Whether your prospective employer uses the term "resume" or "CV", make sure that you know what he or she is looking for in the document. Once you have this information, you can work on creating a knock-out resume or CV that will help you land your job.
A close look at the meaning of these terms makes things clearer. While a CV discusses the course of life of a person, his Resume is a brief summary of his skills and achievements. The meaning of the words offer the basic differences between the two:
· While a CV is detailed, a Resume is to the point
· A CV is longer than a Resume. Usually, a CV is two or more pages long while a Resume is essentially one page long.
· A CV can contain some information about other facets of your life such as hobbies and extracurricular activities. A Resume strictly contains information relevant to the job.
· A CV is usually used in USA only for academia and when you are required to apply for a government grant. Potential employers usually ask for a Resume there.
· This means that while your CV when applying to two different jobs could be same, your Resume has to be different, highlighting different achievements in different cases.
So, what term should you use? While most times you will be asked for a CV all over the world, you have to be cautious if you are in the USA. In the USA, employers expect you to abide by the rules when they ask you for your Resume.
DESIGN
How should I design the layout of my CV?
How should I design the layout of my CV?
There are many ways to design a CV. This section gives an example
Always type your CV.
Print your CV on good quality white paper. The paper size should be A4 (this is 21.0 cm wide and 29.7cm tall).
Usually you should not attach a photograph.
Always type your CV.
Print your CV on good quality white paper. The paper size should be A4 (this is 21.0 cm wide and 29.7cm tall).
Usually you should not attach a photograph.
Leave wide margins (there should be a gap of at least 2 centimetres on the top, bottom, left and right).
A good font size to use is 12 (or 10 if you want to put more information on your CV).
The document should use only one font style, for example Times New Roman.
Use bold (Bold) or italics (Italics) to emphasise important words.
Only underline section titles (or do not underline any words).
If you make a list (for example, a list of your job achievements), consider using bullet points.
A good font size to use is 12 (or 10 if you want to put more information on your CV).
The document should use only one font style, for example Times New Roman.
Use bold (Bold) or italics (Italics) to emphasise important words.
Only underline section titles (or do not underline any words).
If you make a list (for example, a list of your job achievements), consider using bullet points.
Try to keep the CV on one side of paper, or use two sides if you have a lot of relevant work experience or qualifications.
Keep your sentences short and simple.
A typical section order is:
Keep your sentences short and simple.
A typical section order is:
- Name
- Address
- Employment
- Education
- Other skills
- Personal details
An explanation of how to complete the various parts of a CV is shown below.
There is an example CV shown below.
- Address
- Employment
- Education
- Other skills
- Personal details
An explanation of how to complete the various parts of a CV is shown below.
There is an example CV shown below.
Name
When writing your name, always put your own name first and your family name last (even if you write the family name first in your own country).
Address
Include the full postcode in your address.
Make sure that you will be able to collect all mail sent to this address (if you move, ask the owner to forward letters to you).
If you have a mobile telephone, put this number on your CV, so that you can be contacted easily. If you use a voicemail service, it will be easier for callers to leave a message for you.
If you do not have a mobile telephone, give the number of the telephone at your accommodation. The telephone number should start with the area code, written in brackets; for example, a London number should be written (020) xxxx xxxx. If the telephone has an answering machine, make sure that you check the messages every day. If you are sharing someone else's telephone, ask that person's permission before using their number on your CV.
Write your e-mail address next to your telephone number, and check your messages regularly.
Make sure that you will be able to collect all mail sent to this address (if you move, ask the owner to forward letters to you).
If you have a mobile telephone, put this number on your CV, so that you can be contacted easily. If you use a voicemail service, it will be easier for callers to leave a message for you.
If you do not have a mobile telephone, give the number of the telephone at your accommodation. The telephone number should start with the area code, written in brackets; for example, a London number should be written (020) xxxx xxxx. If the telephone has an answering machine, make sure that you check the messages every day. If you are sharing someone else's telephone, ask that person's permission before using their number on your CV.
Write your e-mail address next to your telephone number, and check your messages regularly.
Employment
Create two columns
Use the left-hand column for dates.
For start and end dates, use either full years (eg 1998-2000) or the first three letters of the month followed by the last two digits of the year (eg Jun 98-Sep 00)
For start and end dates, use either full years (eg 1998-2000) or the first three letters of the month followed by the last two digits of the year (eg Jun 98-Sep 00)
In the right-hand column, provide information about each of your job roles.
Start by writing the name of the company (in bold) and its location.
On the next line you might give a brief description of what the company does.
You might give a title for your job (and perhaps a department name) on another line (highlighting this in bold italics)
You should list your main responsibilities and achievements within each role (perhaps using bullet points)
List the most recent jobs first.
Give more detail for recent jobs.
Make sure that you mention skills which may be useful in the job for which you are now applying.
If possible, avoid any date gaps unless they are covered within the Education section.
Don't mention how much you were paid.
Start by writing the name of the company (in bold) and its location.
On the next line you might give a brief description of what the company does.
You might give a title for your job (and perhaps a department name) on another line (highlighting this in bold italics)
You should list your main responsibilities and achievements within each role (perhaps using bullet points)
List the most recent jobs first.
Give more detail for recent jobs.
Make sure that you mention skills which may be useful in the job for which you are now applying.
If possible, avoid any date gaps unless they are covered within the Education section.
Don't mention how much you were paid.
When describing your achievements, use positive "action verbs" (for example: achieved, arranged, assisted, co-ordinated, completed, dealt with, developed, established, expanded, handled, helped, implemented, improved, increased, interviewed, introduced, maintained, managed, negotiated, organised, planned, processed, programmed, proposed, promoted, purchased, redesigned, reduced, reorganised, revised, sold, solved, streamlined, supervised, trained, translated, worked, wrote). You should not use the word "I" on your CV; this is understood. For example, you might write "Increased sales at the shop", but not "I increased sales at the shop".
Education
Remember that the person reading your CV may not be familiar with the education system in your country.
Create two columns
Use the left-hand column for the dates.
For start and end dates, use either full years (eg 1998-2000) or the first three letters of the month followed by the last two digits of the year (eg Jun 98-Sep 00)
For start and end dates, use either full years (eg 1998-2000) or the first three letters of the month followed by the last two digits of the year (eg Jun 98-Sep 00)
In the right-hand column, list the name of the school or university on one line, followed by further details (the course name or the number of exam subjects passed) on the next line.
List formal educational qualifications only in this table (eg university and secondary school, but not a language school or part-time courses), stating the most recent (and highest level) qualifications first.
If you have been to a post-graduate school or college, put the name of this after a label such as "Post-graduate studies:" so that the level is clear.
If you have been to a university, use the word "University" in the name, or put a label such as "University:" before the name so that the level is clear. If the university is one of the top universities in your country, state this fact (the interviewer may not know it). State the name of the town and country after the university's name.
In the description, put the name of the main subject studied (try to avoid using the words "major" or "minor", which are used in American English). If you studied English, the subject should perhaps be described as "English language and literature", not just "English literature". Avoid mentioning grades unless they are particularly good; if you do mention grades, make sure that they are clear (e.g. "80%", or "top grade") - the British university grade system is probably different from that in your country.
In the description, put the name of the main subject studied (try to avoid using the words "major" or "minor", which are used in American English). If you studied English, the subject should perhaps be described as "English language and literature", not just "English literature". Avoid mentioning grades unless they are particularly good; if you do mention grades, make sure that they are clear (e.g. "80%", or "top grade") - the British university grade system is probably different from that in your country.
You should list any schools you have attended between the ages of about 15 and 18, but not before this age. You should add the label "Secondary school:" before the name of the school, or include the words "High School" in the name. If you took exams in a wide range of subjects, you may prefer to list only the number of subjects passed instead of the subject names, or if you have been to university you may choose not to list any secondary school qualifications.
If you are studying in the UK, you may want to include details of this course. If so, write this in a line under the main table. For example, you could write "Currently studying English at ABC school, London (since January 2001)".
Other skills
If you have other skills or qualifications which you believe may be relevant, you can list these.
For example:
English exams which you have passed (eg "Passed Cambridge First Certificate of English").
Computer skills (eg "Good knowledge of standard office software, including e-mail and the internet")
Typing speed (only mention this if you are applying for data entry or secretarial jobs)
An international driving licence (only mention this if you may need to drive for the job)
For example:
English exams which you have passed (eg "Passed Cambridge First Certificate of English").
Computer skills (eg "Good knowledge of standard office software, including e-mail and the internet")
Typing speed (only mention this if you are applying for data entry or secretarial jobs)
An international driving licence (only mention this if you may need to drive for the job)
Personal details
Create two columns; use the left-hand column for labels and the right-hand column for information.
The exact list of personal details you want to give may depend on your circumstances and what the job requires, but the list below will give you a guide.
The exact list of personal details you want to give may depend on your circumstances and what the job requires, but the list below will give you a guide.
Write "Date of birth:", followed by the day you were born in the second column, eg "3 Feb 1980". Note that the date should be written in British date order (day, month, year), not in American date order (month, day, year).
Write "Nationality:", followed by your nationality eg "Japanese".
You may want to write "Gender:", followed by "Male" or "Female", if this is not obvious to a British person from your name. Whether you are a man or a woman may be relevant for some jobs.
Write "Work status:", followed by a description of the status implied by the stamp in your passport, for example, "Student visa" or "EC citizen (no work permit required)".
Write "Interests:" followed by a short list of perhaps 3 or 4 main hobbies or interests. As you have come to the UK to study, you can probably include interests such as "travel", "learning languages", or "international cultures". Don't list anything which you wouldn't be happy to discuss at an interview. Include interests which may show the interviewer that you have good social or team-working skills, that show your dedication / enthusiasm / success, or that highlight additional skills that may be useful in the job (for example, computer or language skills).
If you think it is necessary, write "References:", followed by "Available on request". You should only provide references if your employer asks for them. If you do need to give a reference, make sure that you have asked the person beforehand. Possible referees include a teacher or previous employer. It may complicate your application if you give the name of a referee who lives abroad; if you want to do this, make sure that the person will be able to provide comments in English, and give an e-mail address so that delays can be minimised.
AKIKO TANAKA
52 Orchard Street, London W2 3BT
Telephone: 020-7654 3210; Mobile: 07960 999999; E-mail: akiko9999@hotmail.com
Telephone: 020-7654 3210; Mobile: 07960 999999; E-mail: akiko9999@hotmail.com
Employment
| 1999-2001 | Natural Group, Tokyo, Japan |
| | A manufacturer and retailer of natural foods and supplements in Japan |
| | |
| | Sales Assistant · Advised the main shop's customers about organic and health foods · Developed new business in smaller satellite stores, explaining the benefits of supplements and organic food to potential new customers · Increased sales at both the main and the satellite shops. The extra profits were used to expand the business by establishing a new shop |
| | |
| 1997-1999 | Sony Corporation, Tokyo, Japan |
| | A Japanese conglomerate which develops and manufactures consumer and industrial electronic equipment world-wide |
| | |
| | Administration Assistant, General Affairs Department · Examined incoming mail and redirected this to the appropriate division · Translated foreign letters (written in English) into Japanese |
| | |
| | Customs Clearance Officer, Import Division, Sony Air Cargo |
| | · Completed reports (e.g. bills of entry) to facilitate the import of goods from abroad · Dealt with customs enquiries and procedures |
Education
| Sep 2001 - | Britannia School of English, London |
| | English language school; passed Cambridge First Certificate exam in June 2002 |
| | |
| 1993-1997 | Meikai University, Chiba, Japan |
| | Degree in International Relations |
Other Skills
Computer literate: good knowledge of Word and Excel, as well as e-mail and the internet
Fluent in Japanese; practical knowledge of English and Korean
Fluent in Japanese; practical knowledge of English and Korean
Personal Details
| Date of Birth | 6 January 1975 |
| Nationality | Japanese |
| Gender | Female |
| Work status | Student visa |
| Interests | Studying English, visiting museums, playing golf |
If you are sending an application directly to a potential employer, you should write a one-page letter to accompany your CV (a "covering letter").
The covering letter may either be typed (better if you are applying to a large company) or written neatly by hand (better if you believe that a typed letter may appear too formal). There is an example covering letter shown below.
If you know the name of the person who is dealing with the job applications, you can start the letter with "Dear Mr Smith" or "Dear Ms Smith" (you can use "Dear Mrs Smith" if you know she is married; if the person has a title you should use it, for example "Dear Professor Smith"), and in this case you should end the letter with "Yours sincerely". If you do not know the name of the person, you should start the letter with "Dear Sir" or "Dear Sir/Madam", and end the letter with "Yours faithfully".
If you are applying for a particular job vacancy, write which job you are applying for (including a reference number if there is one) and where you saw the advertisement. Briefly describe why you think you are suitable for the job; mention any relevant work experience or qualifications which you have.
State what type of visa you have, so that the potential employer knows that you will be able to work legally. You may want to mention the level of your English ability.
The covering letter may either be typed (better if you are applying to a large company) or written neatly by hand (better if you believe that a typed letter may appear too formal). There is an example covering letter shown below.
If you know the name of the person who is dealing with the job applications, you can start the letter with "Dear Mr Smith" or "Dear Ms Smith" (you can use "Dear Mrs Smith" if you know she is married; if the person has a title you should use it, for example "Dear Professor Smith"), and in this case you should end the letter with "Yours sincerely". If you do not know the name of the person, you should start the letter with "Dear Sir" or "Dear Sir/Madam", and end the letter with "Yours faithfully".
If you are applying for a particular job vacancy, write which job you are applying for (including a reference number if there is one) and where you saw the advertisement. Briefly describe why you think you are suitable for the job; mention any relevant work experience or qualifications which you have.
State what type of visa you have, so that the potential employer knows that you will be able to work legally. You may want to mention the level of your English ability.
Explain in your letter how you can be contacted. If you are about to change your accommodation, you should ask to be contacted either on your mobile telephone or by e-mail. If you give the telephone number of your host family, you should ask them for their permission first, and you should check if they have an answering machine.
| | Akiko Tanaka |
| | 52 Orchard Street |
| | London |
| | W2 3BT |
| | Mobile: 07960 999999 |
| | E-mail: akiko9999@hotmail.com |
| Fortnum & Mason's | |
| 181 Piccadilly | |
| London | |
| W1A 1ER | |
| | 3 August 2002 |
Dear Sir/Madam,
Re: Job as a part-time sales assistant (reference: JBW5014)
I would like to apply for the job of a part-time sales assistant in the food section of Fortnum & Mason's in Piccadilly, as advertised in Loot Recruit on 2 August. Please find attached a copy of my CV.
My previous jobs include two years as a sales assistant in an organic food shop in Japan. This has given me experience of dealing with customers, as well as cashier skills and a basic knowledge of food retailing. I have been living in London since last September, and am currently studying English at a language school. I have good English communication skills (recently I passed the Cambridge First Certificate in English exam). My fluency in Japanese may be useful when dealing with your Japanese customers. I am an enthusiastic worker, and enjoy working in a team. My student visa entitles me to work up to 20 hours per week (or longer during my school holidays), and I could start work immediately.
I would welcome the opportunity to discuss the job vacancy with you on the telephone or at an interview. I can be contacted most easily on my mobile telephone or by e-mail (see details at the top of this letter).
Yours faithfully,
Akiko Tanaka
Check your CV and covering letter carefully before you send them.
Use the spell-checker on the computer (set the language to British English rather than American English).
Ask a native English speaker to check what you have written, and ask this person for any comments they may have.
Use the spell-checker on the computer (set the language to British English rather than American English).
Ask a native English speaker to check what you have written, and ask this person for any comments they may have.
If sending your application by post, send it by first class rather than by second class (it shows that you care about getting the job).
If you send an application by e-mail, telephone to make sure that it has arrived, or send an application in the post as well.
Alternatively, you may wish to hand in your application personally; if so, use this opportunity to find out more about the company and ask when you can expect to hear from them.
If you send an application by e-mail, telephone to make sure that it has arrived, or send an application in the post as well.
Alternatively, you may wish to hand in your application personally; if so, use this opportunity to find out more about the company and ask when you can expect to hear from them.
If you have not heard from the company two weeks after you sent your application (or before the closing date for applications, if there is one), telephone the company to check that your job application has been received and that there haven't been any problems contacting you.
It is often the case that people are invited for an interview for only a small number of the jobs to which they apply. Try not to feel depressed if it takes a long time to get a job. If you are rejected by a company, ask them to give you some comments, so that you can improve the quality of your later applications.
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